References on Mango

Moharib S. A., Soliman H. F.

Author Affiliation: Biochemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
Advances in Food Sciences 35 : 66-75

Abstract : Utilization of mango fruit peel (MFP), banana fruit peel (BFP), and a mixture of both at ratio 1:1 (MBFP) as substrates for the production of Pleurotus sajor-caju mushroom fruit bodies by solid state fermentation was examined. The highest yield of mushroom fruit bodies (520.40 g/kg) was harvested with a MBFP substrate (biological efficiency 124.40%), followed by MFP giving 432.60 g/kg fresh fruit bodies (biological efficiency 102.60%). The lowest production of mushroom fruit bodies (360.40 g/kg) with biological efficiency of 86.80% was observed with BFP substrate. The results revealed that the obtained fruit bodies contained 45.2-47.4% protein, 34-35% total carbohydrates, 2.6-3.2% fat, and 12-15% dietary fibre. Amino acid analysis of the fruit bodies revealed the presence of total amino acids ranging from 69.5 to 74% when Pleurotus sajor-caju was grown on all substrates. The essential amino acid formed 38% while the non essential ones formed 63%. The essential amino acids, leucine and lysine, were also dominant in dried P. sajor-caju (13 and 8%, respectively). Aspartic acid, glutamic acid and glycine were dominant among amino acids, comprising 19, 13 and11% of total amino acids, respectively. Higher levels of fatty acids (89.0-96.1 g/100 g) were obtained for P. sajor-caju fruit bodies grown on different substrates. GLC analysis of fatty acids revealed higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids (64.8-72.6%) than the saturated ones (24.0-30.0%). The major fatty acids found were linoleic (44%) and oleic acid (14%), followed by palmitic acid (11%). Higher ratios of unsaturated: saturated fatty acids were found in Pleurotus sajor-caju fruit bodies grown on BFP (48.09%) compared to MBFP and BFP substrates (44.20 and 46.41%, respectively). The activities of some enzymes during cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju using MBFP, MFP and BFP substrates were also determined. The growth on MBFP resulted in the highest laccase activity on the 10th day (1.08 U/mg), followed by growth on MFP (0.98 U/mg) whereas growth on BFP gave the lowest activity value (0.91 U/mg). The maximum activities of laccase and lignin peroxidase were found to be 0.91 and 0.27 as well as 0.53 and 0.21 U/mg on days 10 and 20, respectively. However, the activities of laccase and lignin peroxidase were increased from day 10 to day 20, but thereafter gradually decreased. The growth of P. sajor-caju on MFP and MMBFP substrates gave the highest carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) activities (0.58 and 0.48 IU/g) on the 10th day of growth while BFP gave the lowest CMCase activity (0.18 IU/g). The higher CMCase activities usually resulted in higher biological efficiencies and total yields. Maximum activity of xylanase was obtained on day 20 (0.15 U/mg) and, thereafter, it gradually decreased with the increasing growth time (0.05 U/mg on day 40). The present study showed that P. sajor-caju can be successfully cultivated using different agricultural wastes by solid state fermentation for production of enzymes and fruit bodies containing suitable amounts of potential amino and fatty acids to be used for food, pharmaceutical and industrial purposes.